Writing
APA vs Chicago: Title Capitalization Rules Explained
Learn the difference between major headline styles and when to use them.
Read Guide →Clean, Format, and Optimize your text for Web, Excel, and Social Media
Case Conversion
Text Formatting
Quick reference for HTML entities, ASCII codes, and special characters used in web development and content creation
| Character | HTML Entity | ASCII/Unicode | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| © | © | U+00A9 | Copyright Sign |
| ® | ® | U+00AE | Registered Trademark |
| ™ | ™ | U+2122 | Trademark Symbol |
| & | & | U+0026 | Ampersand |
| < | < | U+003C | Less Than Sign |
| > | > | U+003E | Greater Than Sign |
| € | € | U+20AC | Euro Currency |
| £ | £ | U+00A3 | Pound Sterling |
| ¥ | ¥ | U+00A5 | Yen/Yuan Currency |
| ¢ | ¢ | U+00A2 | Cent Sign |
| § | § | U+00A7 | Section Sign |
| ¶ | ¶ | U+00B6 | Pilcrow (Paragraph) |
| • | • | U+2022 | Bullet Point |
| † | † | U+2020 | Dagger |
| ‡ | ‡ | U+2021 | Double Dagger |
| … | … | U+2026 | Horizontal Ellipsis |
| ‰ | ‰ | U+2030 | Per Mille (Per Thousand) |
| ° | ° | U+00B0 | Degree Sign |
| ± | ± | U+00B1 | Plus-Minus Sign |
| ÷ | ÷ | U+00F7 | Division Sign |
| × | × | U+00D7 | Multiplication Sign |
| ½ | ½ | U+00BD | One Half Fraction |
| ¼ | ¼ | U+00BC | One Quarter Fraction |
| ¾ | ¾ | U+00BE | Three Quarters Fraction |
| → | → | U+2192 | Right Arrow |
| ← | ← | U+2190 | Left Arrow |
| ↑ | ↑ | U+2191 | Up Arrow |
| ↓ | ↓ | U+2193 | Down Arrow |
| ★ | ★ | U+2605 | Black Star |
| ♥ | ♥ | U+2665 | Black Heart |
Master proper text formatting for web development, content writing, and professional communications
Title Case is the most common capitalization style used in headlines, book titles, and article headings. Following the Chicago Manual of Style, capitalize the first and last words, plus all major words in between.
Rules:
Example:
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
→ The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over the Lazy Dog
Sentence case follows standard grammatical rules where only the first word of each sentence and proper nouns are capitalized. This is the most natural style used in body text, emails, and regular communications.
When to Use:
Example:
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO PRODUCTIVITY
→ The ultimate guide to productivity
camelCase is a naming convention in programming where the first word starts with a lowercase letter, and each subsequent word begins with an uppercase letter, with no spaces or punctuation. Widely used in JavaScript, Java, and Swift.
Common Uses:
userName, isLoggedIncalculateTotalPrice()user.firstNamegetUserData()Example:
user profile image url
→ userProfileImageUrl
PascalCase (also known as UpperCamelCase) is similar to camelCase but starts with an uppercase letter. It's the standard convention for class names in object-oriented programming languages.
Common Uses:
UserProfile, ShoppingCartNavBar, LoginFormSystem.Collectionssnake_case uses lowercase letters with underscores separating words. It's the standard naming convention in Python, Ruby, database column names, and URL slugs.
Common Uses:
user_email_addresscreated_at, order_totalbest-practices-for-seouser_controller.pyExample:
Total Order Amount
→ total_order_amount
kebab-case (also called dash-case or hyphen-case) uses lowercase letters with hyphens separating words. It's the web standard for URLs, CSS class names, and HTML attributes.
Common Uses:
how-to-learn-javascript.nav-bar-containerdata-user-idreact-router-domExample:
Best Practices For Mobile Design
→ best-practices-for-mobile-design
Learn the difference between major headline styles and when to use them.
Read Guide →Master the naming conventions for Python, JavaScript, and CSS variables.
Read Guide →Remove unwanted line breaks and fix spacing issues instantly.
Read Guide →Comprehensive suite of text manipulation tools for every use case
Real-time analytics for word count, character count, and reading time estimation.
Flip text backwards for creative effects, palindrome testing, and social media engagement.
Generate placeholder text for mockups, designs, and development testing.